What are closures?

A function declared / defined inside another function has access to the outer function's scope, even after the outer function has returned. This is called a closure.

1function outerFunction() {
2	const outerVariable = 'I am from outer function';
3
4	return function () {
5		console.log(outerVariable);
6	};
7}
8
9const innerFunction = outerFunction();
10innerFunction(); // I am from outer function

innerFunction() still has access to the outerFunction() scope, even after outerFunction() has returned

How do closures work?

A lexical environment is the environment in which a piece of code is executed. It consists of the variables that are in scope at that time, as well as a reference to the outer lexical environment. When a function is defined, it captures its lexical environment, creating a closure.

This is what enables closures to work in JavaScript.

What makes closures cool?

function createCounter() {
	let count = 0;

	return {
		increment: () => {
			count++;
			return count;
		},
		decrement: () => {
			count--;
			return count;
		},
	};
}

const counter = createCounter();
counter.increment(); // 1
counter.increment(); // 2
counter.count; // undefined

function attachEventHandlers(buttonId) {
	const button = document.getElementById(buttonId);

	button.addEventListener('click', function () {
		// buttonId is still accessible here
		console.log(`Button ${buttonId} clicked`);
	});
}

attachEventHandlers('btn-1');
attachEventHandlers('btn-2');

Data Privacy with Closures

Closures enable use to create private variables in JavaScript. That cannot be directly accessed from outside the function.

1function createCounter() {
2	let count = 0;
3
4	return {
5		increment: () => {
6			count++;
7			return count;
8		},
9		decrement: () => {
10			count--;
11			return count;
12		},
13	};
14}
15
16const counter = createCounter();
17counter.increment(); // 1
18counter.increment(); // 2
19counter.count; // undefined

Asynchronous Code

Closures help maintain the execution context of an asynchronous task.
The callback function passed to an asynchronous task has access to the variables in the outer scope, even after the outer function has returned.

1function attachEventHandlers(buttonId) {
2	const button = document.getElementById(buttonId);
3
4	button.addEventListener('click', function () {
5		// buttonId is still accessible here
6		console.log(`Button ${buttonId} clicked`);
7	});
8}
9
10attachEventHandlers('btn-1');
11attachEventHandlers('btn-2');

callBack() still has access to the buttonId variable, even after outerFunction() has returned

Common Pitfalls

function createFunctions() {
  const functions = [];

  for (var idx = 0; idx < 3; idx++) {
    functions.push(function () {
      console.log(idx);
    });
  }

  return functions;
}

const funcs = createFunctions();
funcs[0](); // Output: 3 (not 0)
funcs[1](); // Output: 3 (not 1)
funcs[2](); // Output: 3 (not 2)

1for (let idx = 0; idx < 3; idx++) {

function createLargeClosure() {
  let largeArray = new Array(1000000).fill(0);

  return function () {
    console.log("Closure created");
  };
}

const largeClosure = createLargeClosure();

Shared Scope Issues

When using closures, be careful of shared scope issues. If multiple functions share the same outer scope, they will share the same variables.

1function createFunctions() {
2  const functions = [];
3
4  for (var idx = 0; idx < 3; idx++) {
5    functions.push(function () {
6      console.log(idx);
7    });
8  }
9
10  return functions;
11}
12
13const funcs = createFunctions();
14funcs[0](); // Output: 3 (not 0)
15funcs[1](); // Output: 3 (not 1)
16funcs[2](); // Output: 3 (not 2)

In this example, all the functions share the same idx value. Because var keyword is function-scoped instead of block-scoped.
In each iteration of the loop, the same idx variable is reassigned a new value.

for (let idx = 0; idx < 3; idx++) {

Switching from var to let fixes the issue.

Memory Leaks

When using closures, be mindful of memory leaks. If a closure holds a reference to a large object, it can prevent the object from being garbage collected.

1function createLargeClosure() {
2  let largeArray = new Array(1000000).fill(0);
3
4  return function () {
5    console.log("Closure created");
6  };
7}
8
9const largeClosure = createLargeClosure();

largeArray var is retained in memory, until the largeClosure func is no longer needed. (eg: by setting the value of largeClosure to null)

Conclusion

Closures are a powerful feature of JavaScript that enable us to create flexible and maintainable code.

By understanding how closures work and how to use them effectively, you can take your JavaScript skills to the next level. Just be mindful of the common pitfalls and best practices.

What are closures?

A function declared / defined inside another function has access to the outer function's scope, even after the outer function has returned. This is called a closure.

1function outerFunction() {
2	const outerVariable = 'I am from outer function';
3
4	return function () {
5		console.log(outerVariable);
6	};
7}
8
9const innerFunction = outerFunction();
10innerFunction(); // I am from outer function

innerFunction() still has access to the outerFunction() scope, even after outerFunction() has returned

How do closures work?

A lexical environment is the environment in which a piece of code is executed. It consists of the variables that are in scope at that time, as well as a reference to the outer lexical environment. When a function is defined, it captures its lexical environment, creating a closure.

This is what enables closures to work in JavaScript.

What makes closures cool?

function createCounter() {
	let count = 0;

	return {
		increment: () => {
			count++;
			return count;
		},
		decrement: () => {
			count--;
			return count;
		},
	};
}

const counter = createCounter();
counter.increment(); // 1
counter.increment(); // 2
counter.count; // undefined

function attachEventHandlers(buttonId) {
	const button = document.getElementById(buttonId);

	button.addEventListener('click', function () {
		// buttonId is still accessible here
		console.log(`Button ${buttonId} clicked`);
	});
}

attachEventHandlers('btn-1');
attachEventHandlers('btn-2');

Data Privacy with Closures

Closures enable use to create private variables in JavaScript. That cannot be directly accessed from outside the function.

1function createCounter() {
2	let count = 0;
3
4	return {
5		increment: () => {
6			count++;
7			return count;
8		},
9		decrement: () => {
10			count--;
11			return count;
12		},
13	};
14}
15
16const counter = createCounter();
17counter.increment(); // 1
18counter.increment(); // 2
19counter.count; // undefined

Asynchronous Code

Closures help maintain the execution context of an asynchronous task.
The callback function passed to an asynchronous task has access to the variables in the outer scope, even after the outer function has returned.

1function attachEventHandlers(buttonId) {
2	const button = document.getElementById(buttonId);
3
4	button.addEventListener('click', function () {
5		// buttonId is still accessible here
6		console.log(`Button ${buttonId} clicked`);
7	});
8}
9
10attachEventHandlers('btn-1');
11attachEventHandlers('btn-2');

callBack() still has access to the buttonId variable, even after outerFunction() has returned

Common Pitfalls

function createFunctions() {
  const functions = [];

  for (var idx = 0; idx < 3; idx++) {
    functions.push(function () {
      console.log(idx);
    });
  }

  return functions;
}

const funcs = createFunctions();
funcs[0](); // Output: 3 (not 0)
funcs[1](); // Output: 3 (not 1)
funcs[2](); // Output: 3 (not 2)

1for (let idx = 0; idx < 3; idx++) {

function createLargeClosure() {
  let largeArray = new Array(1000000).fill(0);

  return function () {
    console.log("Closure created");
  };
}

const largeClosure = createLargeClosure();

Shared Scope Issues

When using closures, be careful of shared scope issues. If multiple functions share the same outer scope, they will share the same variables.

1function createFunctions() {
2  const functions = [];
3
4  for (var idx = 0; idx < 3; idx++) {
5    functions.push(function () {
6      console.log(idx);
7    });
8  }
9
10  return functions;
11}
12
13const funcs = createFunctions();
14funcs[0](); // Output: 3 (not 0)
15funcs[1](); // Output: 3 (not 1)
16funcs[2](); // Output: 3 (not 2)

In this example, all the functions share the same idx value. Because var keyword is function-scoped instead of block-scoped.
In each iteration of the loop, the same idx variable is reassigned a new value.

for (let idx = 0; idx < 3; idx++) {

Switching from var to let fixes the issue.

Memory Leaks

When using closures, be mindful of memory leaks. If a closure holds a reference to a large object, it can prevent the object from being garbage collected.

1function createLargeClosure() {
2  let largeArray = new Array(1000000).fill(0);
3
4  return function () {
5    console.log("Closure created");
6  };
7}
8
9const largeClosure = createLargeClosure();

largeArray var is retained in memory, until the largeClosure func is no longer needed. (eg: by setting the value of largeClosure to null)

Conclusion

Closures are a powerful feature of JavaScript that enable us to create flexible and maintainable code.

By understanding how closures work and how to use them effectively, you can take your JavaScript skills to the next level. Just be mindful of the common pitfalls and best practices.